The Taiho-jutsu (逮捕術 - apprehending & capturing art ) was originally a term used in old Japanese Jūjutsu schools.
In 1947 the (post-war) Japanese Police had to develop a system that was effective, but also in line with modern democratic values. A committee of experts from various fields of martial arts and boxing developed a new comprehensive Taiho-jutsu system of for police officer to defend themselves and apprehend criminals. The system has been revised a number of times, but still strongly references the original 1947 system.
Donn Draeger in 'Modern Bujutsu and Budo' (1974), give the following details:
….. “The committee of experts consisted of:
The result was the publication of the Taihojutsu Kihon Koto manual that divides the system as follows:
Draeger (1974) goes on to describe how:
"Taiho Jutsu thus became an evolutionary method, complete and perfectly regularised, reflecting the influence of the values of Western culture.
....The purpose of applying the techniques was to cause as little damage as possible, avoid hurting offenders and criminals. The confrontation, the control in the reduction of violent individuals, would be carried out in a safe way, both for law enforcement officials and for criminals."
In the late 40s & 50s a form Taiho-jutsu was introduced into the U.S.A. by members of the the U.S. Strategic Air Command (SAC), who had been given special training at the Kōdōkan (講道館) in Tōkyō Japan. They then taught this to security police on bases across the U.S. Subsequently, this also filtered through to many U.S. police departments. Although similar in some aspects, this did not entirely mirror the Japanese Taiho-jutsu system.
Defensive Tactics encompass the physical and strategic defence and restraint methods developed by police forces in the U.S.. On such system was 'Pressure Poinnt Control Tactics' (PPCT) developed by Bruce Siddle, which utilised attacks against anatomical structures, in order to minimise injury to suspects.
In the U.K. the equivalent system, became known as Officer Safety Training (and sometimes Personal Protection Training), which initially drew on the U.S. PPCT system and encompasses a wide range of safety, defence and restraint methods.
The phase "reality based training" has become a 'buzzword' in the martial arts community. These police systems are actually based on the real experiences of countless incidences of officers confronting violent criminals across the globe.
It should be mentioned the the Japanese Police (Keisatsu) Taiho-jutsu (警察逮捕術) is not related to the U.K. Tomikli Aikido based system that adopted the term 'Taiho Jutsu' to describe itself and was at one time taught to provincial police forces in the U.K..